Assessing the impact of unarmed civilian protection in the South Hebron Hills between 2018-2023
This project aimed to assess the impact of the ongoing collaboration between international volunteers and the Palestinian community in the South Hebron Hills, West Bank. With the Palestinian residents facing violence from Israeli settlers, particularly towards school children, Operazione Colomba (OC) has provided essential support by accompanying them through UCP. It was crucial to evaluate how this partnership has influenced safety and well-being. The project focused on understanding OC role in creating a sense of security between 2018 and 2023, aligned with the nonviolent resistance efforts led by the Palestinian community, and the ability in remaining responsive to the needs.
The project pilots the participatory evaluation methodology developed by the Creating Safer Space network in a workshop series with academics and practitioners.
Project Team: The project is lead by Association Comunità Papa Giovanni XXIII (Operation Dove / Operazione Colomba), Italy, in collaboration with Youth of Sumud, Palestine.
Contributions of grassroots organisations to the implementation of unarmed civilian self-protection strategies in violent urban contexts
Towards the security of diverse and vulnerable populations in socio-segregated environments
This project investigated from a participatory methodological design the impacts of actions carried out by grassroots organisations in violent and socio-segregated urban contexts in the city of Cali on these territories and on the perceptions and realities among the diverse populations that are settled there. Specifically, it focused on how actions and perceptions of security and protection relate to identity and territory among these populations.
The project pilots the participatory evaluation methodology developed by the Creating Safer Space network in a workshop series with academics and practitioners.
Project Team:
Luisa María Colonia Zúñiga, Masterpeace Cali (principal investigator)
Gustavo Suárez, Masterpeace Cali (investigator)
Final Report:
The final report on the project findings is available here (Spanish only):
Using a participatory action research design, this pilot project will engage with organizations serving migrants at the United States/Mexico border to develop tools for evaluating the impacts of unarmed civilian protection and accompaniment (UCP/A) to protect migrants in the North American border region. Meta Peace Team has been working since 2018 with US/Mexican organizations attempting to protect migrants increasingly exposed not only to violence by militarized border security on the US side of the border, but also by both police and gangs as they waited in Mexican communities. The UCP/A initiatives aim to protect migrants through accompaniment, humanitarian relief, and documentation aimed at advocacy. The pilot evaluation will assess the impacts, successes and challenges of the UCP efforts through participant observation and guided conversations with UCP/A organizers, delegation participants, and migrant leaders.
The project pilots the participatory evaluation methodology developed by the Creating Safer Space network in a workshop series with academics and practitioners.
Project Team:
Stephen Gasteyer, Meta Peace Team / Michigan State University (principal investigator)
Kim Redigan, Meta Peace Team (team member)
Mary Hanna, Meta Peace Team (team member)
Scholars at Risk: Understanding vulnerability and violence faced by Myanmar refugee scholars in northern Thailand
Since the 2021 military coup in Myanmar, the regime’s brutality and political turmoil have escalated, leading to increased suffering and intensified oppression. Thousands of individuals have been killed, detained, or forced to flee their homes in order to escape the junta’s brutality. Many of these individuals have sought refuge in neighbouring Thailand, undertaking perilous journeys both with and without proper documentation. However, those without proper documents face significant limitations and risks, including the threat of being searched, arrested, and deported. To address these challenges and shed light on the experiences of refugees in Northern Thailand, the Regional Center for Social Science and Sustainable Development (RCSD) and Nonviolent Peaceforce Myanmar collaborated with local scholars to explore protection mechanisms and resilience in these exile communities.
Three-finger Flower strike: A symbol of non-violent resistance against the dictatorship
PROJECT TEAM
Dr Chayan Vaddhanaputi, Regional Center for Social Sciences and Sustainable Development (RCSD), Chiangmai University, Thailand (co-principal investigator)
Using multimedia approaches to increase visibility of and preference for Unarmed Civilian Protection approaches
The purpose of this project is to increase the understanding, visibility, preference for, and advocacy on the application of various research findings and good practices around unarmed civilian protection (UCP) in the management of conflict by state and non-state actors. To do so, it uses strategic media platforms and engages with practitioners, media houses, and civil society organisations (CSOs) in Kenya in advancing the importance of UCP.
The activities designed to help realize this purpose include:
(1) Conduct radio programmes to create awareness on, advocate for, and educate communities on the approaches and benefits of UCP to communities, state actors, development partners, and CSOs as a conflict management approach at the local and national levels. The radio shows will be aired on Kitwek FM Station that broadcasts to UasinGishu and other counties, and Ghetto FM radio that broadcasts in Nairobi, especially targeting populations in the informal settlements and low-income areas of the city.
(2) Conduct two trainings of two days each to build the capacity of selected media practitioners working in two counties – Uasin Gishu and Nairobi – on UCP and how to use the gained knowledge to promote UCP as an approach to conflict management. The selected journalist will be those who reported on conflict before. The trained journalists will be key in disseminating the findings of the N+ projects and UCP good practices by Rural Women Peace Link (RWPL) and Peace Tree Network (PTN).
(3) Document and showcase in-depth stories of change of how UCP approaches have been used to successfully manage conflicts in Uasin Gishu and Nairobi counties.
Project team
Arthur Okwemba, African Woman and Child Feature Service (project lead)
Ruth Omukhango, African Woman and Child Feature Service
Gallery
Training of Gender Desk Police Officers at Laico Regency Hotel in Nairobi
Left: Damaris Lemasulani, Chief of Lodung Okwe, Samburu County, with women discussing their role in enhancing peace in their communities. Photograph by AWCFS1
Morans of Laikipia West, Laikipia County discussing their role in Conflicts and peace building. Photograph by AWCFS1
Arthur shares his point during a sensitisation meeting with Editors in Nairobi
AWCFS holding dialogue with women in Laikipia County on Peace and Security issues and their role in peace building. Photograph by AWCFS1
Understanding Changing Strategy and Practice of Civilian Protection Under a Military Junta: The case of Kachin and Northern Shan, Myanmar
This research studied the changing UCP strategies and practices in Myanmar during and after the military coup of 2021. In response to the coup, armed conflict and other forms of security tensions drastically increased, which changed and intensified the forms of harm towards civilians as well as their vulnerability to harm. This project studied community strategies and adaptations in providing (self-)protection in this context. It reflected on lessons learned for UCP strategy and practice during and after the coup and under the military Junta.
The qualitative research project was conducted in Kachin and Northern Shan states of Myanmar as case studies where armed conflict escalated in the same way as in other areas of Myanmar. Additional supporting data was collected in Yangon through focus group discussions (FGDs) and nonstructured interviews. Our research contributes to both knowledge and practice. In terms of knowledge, it has enriched our understanding of the rapid changes to UCP practices and approaches that have occurred as a result of the changing and increasing threats against civilians in Kachin and Northern Shan states. In terms of practice, the research findings have influenced the activities of Nonviolent Peaceforce and its engagements with relevant stakeholders.
Arfiansyah, International Centre for Aceh and Indian Ocean Studies (ICAIOS), Indonesia
A stream from upper north of Putao township in Kachin State, 2016
RESEARCH SUMMARY
The data collection process followed standard qualitative methods, including in-depth interviews, FGDs, and a comprehensive literature review. Fieldwork preparations began in June 2023, with close coordination established between partners in Kachin and Northern Shan. Two research assistants were recruited, one for each region, ensuring effective support for on-the-ground activities. Data collection spanned across Kachin, Northern Shan, and Yangon from July 2023 to June 2024, encompassing 17 in-depth interviews (12 conducted face-to-face and 5 virtually) and 4 FDGs, of which two were held in person and two conducted virtually for data validation.
Face-to-face interviews took place between July and August 2023 in Myitkyina and Waingmaw in Kachin State, as well as in Lashio and Namtu in Northern Shan State. However, as the conflict situation intensified in these areas, the remaining interviews transitioned to a virtual format, allowing the research team to continue gathering data while adapting to the evolving conditions on the ground. Participants in the study included a diverse group of internally displaced persons (IDPs), community members, and representatives from local civil society organisations (CSOs) involved in humanitarian assistance, development, community building, and civilian protection.
Semi-structured interviews, conducted in both Burmese and local languages, allowed participants to discuss their experiences openly, with questions specifically designed to explore emerging threats to civilians following the 2021 coup and the strategies used by communities and CSOs to protect civilians. Data validation efforts were thorough, including two virtual focus group discussions in January and early February 2024 to validate initial findings. A hybrid data validation meeting held in June 2024 further strengthened this process, bringing together local partners, international NGOs, and CSOs. This meeting provided an opportunity for feedback from diverse stakeholders, ensuring that the data accurately reflected local perspectives and enhancing the credibility of the findings.
Focus group in Northern Shan state
Research Findings
This study discovered that diffusing protection norms in conflict-prone countries like Myanmar is more effective from the bottom up rather than through top-down approaches. The diffusion of protection norms and practices in Kachin and Northern Shan started in 2010, when local CSOs took the initiative to participate in a potential peace talk between Ethnic Armed Organizations (EAOs) and the Tatmadaw, reaching a Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement (NCA) in 2015. External actors such as Nonviolent Peaceforce introduced Unarmed Civilian Protection (UCP) concepts and methodologies, including an early warning system, nonpartisanship, and proactive engagement with all key stakeholders, including armed groups. These methods have allowed local actors to tailor these norms and strategies to meet specific challenges and merge them with traditional protection practices.
Proactive engagement and accompaniment are crucial for empowering locals to handle conflicts, enhancing their capacity to respond, and finding solutions alongside their communities. This approach not only spreads norms but also acts as a protection mechanism, enabling trained civilians to negotiate with armed groups to prevent violence, as evidenced by a success story from Kachin post-coup, where a villager successfully mediated between opposing forces to protect their community.
Post-coup, the integration of digital security with early warning systems has evolved into the Digital Early Warning Early Response (DEWER) system. This system has become a cornerstone of civilian protection in Kachin and Northern Shan, managed by CSOs to collect, verify, and disseminate information. It also serves as a coordination tool for delivering aid and managing economic transactions within communities. Furthermore, DEWER extends to IDP camps, where designated individuals monitor and control entry to enhance security and preparedness against threats.
The research highlights proactive engagement and DEWER as essential elements for effective norm diffusion. To adopt and develop protection norms, continuous and respectful collaboration is important to address challenges and threats and enhance civilian safety and resilience.
UCP in Southern Thailand: Developing civilian protection guidelines for violence-prone communities
The conflict between the separatist insurgent group Barisan Revolusi Nasional and the Thai state has led to ongoing violence in the three southern border provinces and four districts in Songkhla province. Between 2004 and August 2023, this conflict resulted in 7,520 deaths and 13,968 injuries. In response, the government has enforced special laws, including the Martial Law Act, the Public Administration in Emergency Situations Act, and the Internal Security Act. However, these measures have not significantly improved the situation. Instead, local communities have adapted by developing informal practices, some of which resemble aspects of unarmed civilian protection.
This project aimed to address the following questions:
How can communities in Thailand’s southern provinces develop their own unarmed civilian protection programmes?
What practical techniques of unarmed civilian protection from around the world can be adapted to guide community practices in the region?
What existing unarmed civilian protection strategies can enhance security for communities in the southern border provinces?
RESEARCH TEAM
Fareeda Panjor, Prince of Songkla University (principal investigator)
This study employed participatory action research in Thailand’s southern border provinces, engaging a total of 69 participants from three communities:
Talo-Nang-Aman Community, Bangpo Subdistrict, Mueang District, Narathiwat Province
Sakoh Community, Tha Sap Subdistrict, Mueang District, Yala Province
Piyamumang Community, Piyamumang Subdistrict, Yaring District, Pattani Province
Participants included individuals involved in community protection efforts, youth groups, women’s groups, community leaders, and religious leaders. The research process began in February 2023 with discussions on violence prevention. This was followed by practical training workshops and knowledge- sharing sessions on Unarmed Civilian Protection (UCP) between August and September 2023. Additionally, in-depth interviews were conducted from June to August 2023, and focus group discussions took place in February 2024. The project also facilitated consultations and knowledge exchanges with international experts.
Research across the three communities revealed that while overall violence has declined, local security concerns persist. Key issues include:
Ongoing violent incidents
The presence of armed security personnel
Military patrols near Tadika (Islamic schools)
Community lockdowns and house searches
Frequent security checkpoint stops
Restrictions on nighttime movement
Drug-related violence
Targeted attacks on village heads and local leaders
Most villagers reported uncertainty about detecting warning signs before violence occurs. Even Village Development and Self-Defense Volunteers (VDVs), who play a role in local security, often fail to recognize early indicators. Some villagers noted an increase in patrols before house-surrounding operations, but overall, there was a lack of structured early warning systems. Community members largely view safety as the responsibility of leaders, particularly VDVs and village heads, especially at night when security forces are frequent targets. While VDVs and community leaders receive training, some research participants suggested that villagers should also be trained in self-protection and how to report unusual activities.
For self-protection, villagers primarily share security information through LINE messaging groups. However, many remain uncertain about how to respond to potential threats. Security measures are often reactive, implemented only after an incident has already occurred. Moreover, the community lacks clear protocols for handling violent situations. Typically, authorities are informed only after an explosion or attack, leading to the subsequent arrival of police and military personnel for inspection.
For most villagers, the home is considered the safest place. If the home is not secure, people gather in larger community spaces such as mosques. However, some believe that no place is truly safe, as mosques and Tadika schools have also been subjected to security operations.
The study also examined community-based conflict resolution approaches. Village leaders, including headmen, religious figures, and sub-district chiefs, typically mediate disputes. Community justice centers serve as neutral spaces where both Buddhists and Muslims feel comfortable discussing conflicts and seeking resolution.
Based on these findings, the project has developed broad guidelines and recommendations to enhance community security in Thailand’s southern border provinces, based on unarmed civilian protection principles and strategies.
This short film explores the impact of the conflict in southern Thailand on Malay Muslims, and their struggle to express their own identity and culture.
Water conflicts, violations and forms of self-protection: A multi-case study in Eastern Antioquia, Colombia, phase 2
Mural in the municipality of San Luis (Photo: Project team)
Water is currently a structuring axis of hydro-social relations and the conflicts that arise over its control and use in Colombia. The first phase of this project explored conflicts related to concession processes for hydroelectric projects in the rivers La Paloma, Santo Domingo and Dormilón in municipalities of Argelia, San Francisco and San Luis in the Oriente Antioqueño region. Preliminary results showed associated problems such as mass tourism, real-estate pressure and mining, which add further threats emanating from the privatisation of water and which also depend on energy production. These new forms of river use and privatisation have been introduced in an insidious manner, without recognition of the damage they are causing to the communities and social actors involved. These forms of intervention, promoted by public policy, project an image of an “empty space” or one that is adaptable to new uses in the regions concerned, which intensifies the degree of vulnerability of the populations who live their, as it does not recognise their pre-existence and their territorial dynamics. More information about Phase I of the research project is available here.
In the second phase of this project, we intend to delve deeper into these combined threats, to explore the scope of self-protection in the face of a conflict of growing water privatisation. We also aim to explore the contributions of these self-protection strategies to reflections on just transitions, in a context of debate over energy alternatives and the revision of polluting, undemocratic development models.
Dormilón river, San Luis (Photo: Project team)
RESEARCH TEAM
Beatriz Arias López, Universidad de Antioquia (principal investigator)
Hernán Dario Pineda Gómez, Universidad de Antioquia
Mateo Valderrama, Asociación Campesina de Antioquia – ACA
Juan David Arias, Grupo De investigación Territorio, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana
Jessica Restrepo, Grupo De investigación Territorio Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana
Denisse Roca, solidary consultant, CLACSO group on Political Ecologies of the South Abya-Yala
PROJECT OUTPUTS
Photo Embroidery Exhibition
The exhibition “Let the Rivers Be for Life! Community Self-Protection and Care” delves into the strategies of self-protection employed by communities in response to conflicts impacting the Paloma, Dormilón, and Santo Domingo rivers, located in the municipalities of Argelia, San Luis, and San Francisco, respectively. Information about the exhibition is available in English and Spanish here.
Art that Protects, phase 2: Networks as strategies for self-protection in the context of urban conflict in the city of Medellín, 2023
The first phase of the Art that Protects project documented the place of artistic and cultural initiatives developed by community-based organisations in the city of Medellín in the landscape of nonviolent self-protection. Issues such as legitimacy, permanence in the territory, and the commitment to socially engaged art appeared as key elements to understanding the self-protective character of these initiatives. In our investigation we found, firstly, that violations are not produced on the basis of isolated categories such as gender or age, but by a combination and superimposition of different social factors; and secondly, that the network of relationships and alliances between artistic and cultural organisations is a key strategy that allows them to generate sustainability and “armour” in the face of violations. More information about Phase I of the project is available here.
These findings were further explored in the second phase of the project, in order to identify the type of networks that have been formed, how their exchanges take place, and what collaborative strategies they use, and to understand the effects on the self-protection of communities in the context of the urban conflict in Medellín from an intersectional reading of social vulnerabilities.
Community Garden of Harlequin and the Jugglers (Photo: Courtesy of Arlequin y los Juglares)
RESEARCH TEAM
Beatriz Arias López, Universidad de Antioquia (principal investigator)
Adriana Diosa, Cultural corporation for development Arlequín y los Juglares
Freddy Giovanni Pérez Cárdenas, Cultural corporation for development Arlequín y los Juglares
Sandra Maryori Benitez Diosa Cultural corporation for development Arlequín y los Juglares
“Art that Protects” project team with members of the group Barrio Comparsa, 2022 (Photo: project team)
Series of Short Films: Art That Protects and Intersectionality
Through a series of five videos, we analyzed how beliefs, age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and gender can simultaneously act as sources of vulnerability and self-protection, using an intersectional perspective.
In collaboration with Luis Fernando García “El Gordo,” founder and director of Barrio Comparsa, we explored how artistic organizations create images and works rooted in their ethical principles and values, reflecting their members’ stories and responding to the demands of their context.
Juan Marcos Díaz, director of Robledo Venga Parchemos, shared insights on how violence in urban conflict contexts affects children and youth differently. For this reason, artistic and cultural organizations offer alternatives that help resist the pressures of armed groups.
The founders of Biocomunidad, Nelson Berdugo and Giovany Caro, highlighted how economic precariousness and informal labor impact many cultural and artistic organizations in the city. Also, they emphasized that the social value of artists transcends their financial circumstances.
Ludis Soto Cruz and Óscar Manuel Zuluaga, members of Arlequín y los Juglares, discussed how Afro-descendant and Indigenous populations on the outskirts of Medellín face inequalities due to their ethnic identities. However, these communities express their knowledge and perspectives through art, strengthening their dignity.
Diana Torres, Iris Andrea Álvarez, and Ana Milena Nanclares, members of Renovación, demonstrated how everyday power dynamics perpetuate gender stereotypes. Cultural organizations foster spaces for resistance and empowerment, especially for women, through community and artistic participation.
Art That Protects and Intersectionality 1: Category Cosmovision – Barrio Comparsa Arte que protege e interseccionalidad 1: Categoría Cosmovisión – Barrio Comparsa
Art That Protects and Intersectionality 2: Category Age – Robledo Venga Parchemos Arte que protege e interseccionalidad 2: Categoria Edad – Robledo Venga Parchemos
Art That Protects and Intersectionality 3: Category Socioeconomic Status – Biocomunidad Arte que protege e interseccionalidad 3: Categoria Estatus Socioeconómico – Biocomunidad
Art That Protects and Intersectionality 4: Category Ethnicity – Arlequín y los Juglares Arte que protege e interseccionalidad 4: Categoría Étnica – Arlequín y los juglares
Art That Protects and Intersectionality 5: Category Sex and Gender – Renovación Art Corporation Arte que protege e interseccionalidad 5: Categoría Sexo y Género – Renovación Corporación Artística
Series of Podcasts
Through three podcast episodes, we examined how art has served as a self-protection strategy over the last forty years and as a tool for networking. These networks have enabled grassroots artistic and cultural organizations to enter communities and engage with their residents.
Luis Fernando García recounted the tools used by Barrio Comparsa to reclaim public spaces for the residents of Manrique in the 1980s.
Members of Ziruma shared how their work has made them stronger than the conflict, using theater to narrate the life and memory of the neighborhood and its people.
The members of Sueños de Papel explained how support networks allowed them to recognize and build upon the work of those who had previously established the neighborhood, connecting with community leaders.
Podcast, Chapter 1: Let’s Change the Toys, Let’s Change the Game Podcast, Capitulo 1: Cambiemos los juguetes, cambiemos la vuelta
Podcast, Chapter 2: Stronger than War Podcast, Capitulo 2: Más fuertes que la Guerra
Podcast, Chapter 3: Connections that Support Podcast, Capitulo 3: Conexiones que sostienen
TIMELINE OF ARTISTIC AND CULTURAL ORGANISATIONS
Time line of artistic and cultural organisation in Medellín, Colombia (source: results of Art that Protects, phase 1)
‘Ritualising’ protection in conflict: A collaborative visual ethnography of the cultural and spiritual protection practices of the Nasa people in Colombia
Indigenous peoples in Colombia are caught in the midst of an armed conflict that has lasted for more than fifty years. Despite an elaborate protection architecture, the state has so far been unable to effectively protect them. Hence, in order to survive, indigenous communities have had to devise their own self-protection strategies. Not only do these strategies encompass the physical and psychosocial dimension of security, but they also draw on ancestral spiritual and cultural practices that both strengthen the indigenous communities’ physical protection and reaffirm their self-determination. However, these practices are often misunderstood by the state structures, which fail to implement strategies to support them.
This project sought to understand how ancestral spiritual and cultural practices protect indigenous communities in the midst of armed conflict and what coordination mechanisms could be put in place to ensure that these practices are effectively supported by the state. The project sought to generate a conceptual and visual representation of these practices through a collaborative visual ethnographic study of the Nasa people of the Resguardo Indígena de Huellas Caloto, an indigenous community situated in the North of the Cauca Department in one of the areas worst affected by the armed conflict.
Research team
Piergiuseppe Parisi, Centre for Applied Human Rights at York Law School, University of York, UK (principal investigator)
Ana Deida Secue Rivera, Colombia (co-investigator)
Resguardo Indígenas de Huellas Caloto, Colombia (project partner)
Research findings
The key research findings can be summarised in the following points:
The Nasa indigenous people understand protection holistically. Spirituality and ancestral cultural practices are key to understanding protection because they relate to their cosmovision and stem from a culturally specific understanding of risk and harm.
The performance of protection rituals according to the spirituality and cultural practices of the Nasa people reaffirms and reinforces their self-determination and contributes to their survival (pervivencia) as a people.
The exercise of protection rituals represents a form of psycho-social and emotional self-care in the midst of the Colombian armed conflict.
Spirituality – and specifically the performance of rituals – signals belonging to and generates acceptance by the Nasa community. It promotes cohesion within the community. State protection officers who refuse to participate in rituals generate mistrust within the community and around the beneficiaries of state protection schemes.
The recruitment base of armed groups or criminal gangs operating locally include indigenous (Nasa) peoples. Spiritual leaders – such as traditional medics and elders – command respect within the Nasa community but also among indigenous recruits of the armed groups. This partially explains both why key Nasa figures are targeted by armed groups and the negotiating power of Nasa traditional authorities.
The state protection architecture is underpinned by an elaborate regulatory framework, which if applied comprehensively would accommodate ancestral forms of protection. However, in practice, the design and implementation of protection schemes – even those that are meant to strengthen indigenous forms of unarmed protection – fail to meaningfully include the Nasa people.
In order to better support self-protection practices rooted in the Nasa spirituality and culture and to provide culturally adequate protection schemes, Colombian authorities should ensure the active participation of Nasa communities in the design and delivery of protection.
By unpacking the notions of risk and harm from an indigenous Nasa perspective, the research has conceptualised an understanding of protection (and, more broadly, security) that complements that of physical protection offered by UCP (Oldenhuis, Furnari, Carriere, Wagstrom, Frisch, and Duncan 2021: 29-31). In particular, the research focuses on the notions of cultural and spiritual risk and harm, and it regards the exercise of protection practices rooted in culture and spirituality as necessary to holistically protect indigenous Nasa communities in the midst of the Colombian armed conflict.
The research centres the voices of the Nasa people, thus emphasising the protection needs of the communities. It offers avenues to strengthen local self-protection infrastructures by, on the one hand, formulating actionable recommendations that state authorities should consider in the design and delivery of protection schemes (Parisi and Cooper, forthcoming) and, on the other hand, facilitating the reappropriation and strengthening of certain neglected spiritual and cultural practices by the community themselves (through five tulpas de pensamiento convened by the indigenous community of the Resguardo de Huellas Caloto, the project partner).
The project has produced a short film, ‘Survive among violence. Stories of the Nasa people in Colombia’. The film was shown as part of the WOW Film Festival and the Festival Internacional de Cinema Ambiental de Garopaba, Brazil – Selection 2024.
The Saakhelu is a ritual that celebrates fertility, fecundity, and prosperity. (Source: https://www.ritualisingprotection.org/blog)
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